# Criminal Law 1
## Criminal Law 1

## Definition of Criminal Law

1. [ORLANDO L. SALVADOR v. PLACIDO L. MAPA, GR No. 135080, 2007-11-28](/juris/view/46768)
2. [ARTEMIO VILLAREAL v. PEOPLE, GR No. 151258, 2012-02-01](/juris/view/25535)
3. [NORMA DE JOYA v. THE JAIL WARDEN OF BATANGAS CITY, GR Nos. 159418-19, 2003-12-10](/juris/view/45287)

## Sources of Philippine Criminal Law

**1. Revised Penal Code**
**2. Special Penal Laws**

## Construction of penal laws

1. [PEOPLE v. LUZVIMINDA S. VALDEZ, GR Nos. 216007-09, 2015-12-08](/juris/view/cf010)
2. [LITO CORPUZ v. PEOPLE, GR No. 180016, 2014-04-29](/juris/view/56829)
3. [DANTE BUEBOS v. PEOPLE, G.R. No. 163938, March 28, 2008](/juris/view/45162)
4. [JAMES IENT & MAHARLIKA SCHULZE v. TULLETT PREBON (PHILIPPINES), GR No. 189158, 2017-01-11](/juris/view/62727)

## Difference between acts *Mala in Se* and *Mala Prohibita*

1. [DANDY L. DUNGO & GREGORIO A. SIBAL v. PEOPLE, GR No. 209464, 2015-07-01](/juris/view/61091)
2. [DATU GUIMID P. MATALAM v. PEOPLE, GR Nos. 221849-50, 2016-04-04](/juris/view/61895)
3. [ABS-CBN CORPORATION v. FELIPE GOZON, GR No. 195956, 2015-03-11](/juris/view/60524)

## CHARACTERISTICS OF PHILIPPINE CRIMINAL LAW

## 1. Generality

**Penal laws and those of public security and safety shall be obligatory upon all who live or sojourn in Philippine territory, subject to the principles of public international law and to treaty stipulations. (*Article 14, New Civil Code*)** 

1. [WILLIAM C. REAGAN v. CIR, GR No. L-26379, 1969-12-27](/juris/view/ceb02)
2. [JEFFREY LIANG v. PEOPLE, GR No. 125865, 2000-01-28](/juris/view/50933)
3. [LT. ARTURO PASCUA v. GEN. NARCISO ABAYA, GR NO. 164007, 2006-08-10](/juris/view/41728)
4. [KHOSROW MINUCHER v. CA, GR No. 142396, 2003-02-11](/juris/view/cbabb)

## 2. Territoriality (Article 2 of the RPC)

**The provisions of the Revised Penal Code shall be enforced within the Philippine Archipelago, including its atmosphere, its interior waters and maritime zone.**

1. [US v. H. N. BULL, GR No. 5270, 1910-01-15](/juris/view/3531)
2. [US v. LOOK CHAW , GR No. 5887, 1910-12-16](/juris/view/4484)
3. [PEOPLE v. WONG CHENG , GR No. 18924, 1922-10-19](/juris/view/57955)
4. [US v. AH SING, GR No. 13005, 1917-10-10](/juris/view/57417)
5. [US. v. WILLIAM FOWLER ET AL., GR No. 496, 1902-12-31](/juris/view/ca0)

## Exceptions:
1. [PEOPLE v. LOL-LO, GR No. 17958, 1922-02-27](/juris/view/c1272)
2. [PEOPLE v. ROGER P. TULIN, GR No. 111709, 2001-08-30](/juris/view/ccd12)

## 3. Prospectivity

**No felony shall be punishable by any penalty not prescribed by law prior to its commission. (*Article 21, Revised Penal Code*)** 

1. [PEOPLE v. RICKY HIJADA, GR No. 123696, 2004-03-11](/juris/view/cb38d)
2. [PEOPLE v. ALFONSO PATALIN, GR No. 125539, 1999-07-27](/juris/view/c9182)
3. [PEOPLE v. ROMAN DERILO, GR No. 117818, 1997-04-18](/juris/view/c8790)
4. [PEOPLE v. VIRGILIO SANTOS, GR No. 93520, 1994-12-01](/juris/view/c7ef7)

**Effects of repeal/amendment of penal law**

1. [ROBERTO S. BENEDICTO v. CA, GR No. 125359, 2001-09-04](/juris/view/ccde3)
2. [PEOPLE v. GERONIMA SINDIONG DE PASTOR, GR No. 335, 1947-02-12](/juris/view/c266a)
3. [PEOPLE v. FLORENTINO BRACAMONTE, GR No. 95939, 1996-06-17](/juris/view/c83f7)
4. [US v. EL CHINO CUNA, GR No. 4504, 1908-12-15](/juris/view/c769) 

## Article 3 of the RPC

**Acts and omissions punishable by law are felonies (*delitos*). Felonies are committed not only be means of deceit (*dolo*) but also by means of fault (*culpa*).**

1. [PEOPLE v. FAUSTA GONZALES, GR NO. 80762, 1990-03-19](/juris/view/c98dc)
2. [ROLLIE CALIMUTAN v. PEOPLE, GR NO. 152133, 2006-02-09](/juris/view/c9e92)
3. [ROSALINDA S. KHITRI v. PEOPLE, GR No. 210192, 2016-07-04](/juris/view/cf2d5)
4. [EDUARDO P. MANUEL v. PEOPLE, GR NO. 165842, 2005-11-29](/juris/view/ca4dd)
5. [ARTEMIO VILLAREAL v. PEOPLE, GR No. 151258, 2014-12-01](/juris/view/ce5cf)
6. [PEOPLE v. ANACITO OPURAN, GR Nos. 147674-75, 2004-03-17](/juris/view/ce4b4)
7. [PEOPLE v. ROMANA SILVESTRE, GR No. 35748, 1931-12-14](/juris/view/c1e50)

## Dolo or malice

1. [ARTEMIO VILLAREAL v. PEOPLE, GR No. 151258, 2012-02-01](/juris/view/c63bf)
2. [PEOPLE v. CORA ABELLA OJEDA, GR Nos. 104238-58, 2004-06-03](/juris/view/cb70f)

## Culpa or fault

1. [JUANITO LIM v. CA, GR No. 100311, 1993-05-18](/juris/view/c7a1d)
2. [PEOPLE v. FRANCISCO SARA, GR No. 34140, 1931-08-15](/juris/view/c1da6)

## Culpa: crime (Art. 365) or a mode of committing a crime (Art. 3).

## Motive and intent
**Motive is the moving power that impels one to action for a definite result, while intent is the purpose of using a particular means to produce the result.**

1. [ROSALINDA S. KHITRI v. PEOPLE, GR No. 210192, 2016-07-04](/juris/view/cf2d5)
2. [PEOPLE v. MARLON DELIM, GR No. 142773, 2003-01-28](/juris/view/cbbbb)

## Mistake of fact
**A mistake of fact is a misapprehension of a fact which, if true, would have justified the act or omission which is the subject of the prosecution.**

1. [SALVADOR YAPYUCO v. SANDIGANBAYAN, GR Nos. 120744-46, 2012-06-25](/juris/view/cd680)
2. [US v. AH CHONG, GR No. 5272, 1910-03-19](/juris/view/ce43)
- A mistake of fact will exempt a person from criminal liability so long as the alleged ignorance or mistake of fact was not due to negligence or bad faith.
3. [PEOPLE v. ANTONIO Z. OANIS, GR No. 47722, 1943-07-27](/juris/view/c280a)
4. [EDUARDO L. BAXINELA v. PEOPLE, GR NO. 149652, 2006-03-24](/juris/view/c9f6e)

## Mistake of Fact vs. Mistake of Law 
**As a general rule, mistake of fact or good faith of the accused is a valid defense in a prosecution for a felony by *dolo*; such defense negates malice or criminal intent.  However, ignorance of the law is not an excuse because everyone is presumed to know the law.  *Ignorantia legis neminem excusat*.**

1. [EDUARDO P. DIEGO v. JUDGE SILVERIO Q. CASTILLO, AM No. RTJ-02-1673, 2004-08-11](/juris/view/cb1b9)
2. [EDUARDO P. MANUEL v. PEOPLE, GR NO. 165842, 2005-11-29](/juris/view/ca4dd)

## Article 4 of the RPC (Criminal Liability)

**A person committing a felony is criminally liable although the consequences of his felonious act are not intended by him.**

1. [PEOPLE v. ROLLY ADRIANO, GR No. 205228, 2015-07-15](/juris/view/cee8a)
2. [PEOPLE v. FERNANDO ILIGAN, GR No. 75369, 1990-11-26](/juris/view/c993e)
3. [PEOPLE v. LYNDON FLORES, GR No. 116524, 1996-01-18](/juris/view/c82c9)
4. [PEOPLE v. NOEL T. SALES, GR No. 177218, 2011-10-03](/juris/view/c728d)
5. [ROÑO SEGURITAN v. PEOPLE, GR No. 172896, 2010-04-19](/juris/view/cd283)
6. [FILOMENO URBANO v. IAC, GR No. 72964, 1998-01-07](/juris/view/cea8e)
7. [PEOPLE v. JULIO GUILLEN, GR No. L-1477, 1950-01-18](/juris/view/c31bd)
8. [THE PEOPLE OP THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS v. DONATO BINDOY, GR No. 34665, 1931-08-28](/juris/view/c1dc7)

## Mistake in the identity – *error in personae*

1. [PEOPLE v. DANIEL PINTO, GR No. L-39519, 1991-11-21](/juris/view/c9d1a)
2. [PEOPLE v. CIRILO MAGALONA, GR No. 143294, 2003-07-17](/juris/view/cbebf)
3. [PEOPLE v. PABLO AMODIA, GR No.  173791, 2009-04-07](/juris/view/cbf9a)

## Mistake in the blow –  *aberratio ictus*
**Aberratio ictus means mistake in the blow and is characterized by aiming at one but hitting the other due to imprecision in the blow.**

1. [PEOPLE v. ROLLY ADRIANO, GR No. 205228, 2015-07-15](/juris/view/cee8a)
2. [VIRGILIO TALAMPAS v. PEOPLE, GR No. 180219, 2011-11-23](/juris/view/c7f4b)

## Injurious result is greater than that intended – *praeter intentionem*

1. [PEOPLE v. FRANCISCO CAGOCO, GR No. 38511, 1933-10-06](/juris/view/c1ea2)
2. [PEOPLE v. BENJAMIN ORTEGA, GR No. 116736, 1997-07-24](/juris/view/c88c0)
3. [PEOPLE v. GREGORIO REYES, GR No. 42117, 1935-03-29](/juris/view/c1b8d)
4. [PEOPLE v. STANLEY BUENAMER, GR No. 206227, 2016-08-31](/juris/view/cf34f)
5. [MARIA PAZ FRONTRERAS v. PEOPLE, GR No. 190583, 2015-12-07](/juris/view/cf05c)
6. [PEOPLE v. INOGENTES MOLDES, GR No. 42122, 1934-12-01](/juris/view/c1f6b)
7. [PEOPLE v. JAIME TOMOTORGO, GR No. L-47941, 1985-04-30](/juris/view/c680a)

## Doctrine of Proximate cause
**Proximate cause is that cause which, in natural and continuous sequence, unbroken by any efficient intervening cause, produces injury and without which the result would not have occurred.**

1. [SALUD VILLANUEVA VDA. DE BATACLAN v. MARIANO MEDINA, GR No.  L-10126, 1957-10-22](/juris/view/ce8e3) 
2. [PHILIPPINE NATIONAL BANK v. RAYMUNDO, GR No. 208672, 2016-12-07](/juris/view/cf454)
3. [RODEL URBANO v. PEOPLE, GR No. 182750, 2009-01-20](/juris/view/cbdfd)
4. [SABINIANO DUMAYAG v. urPEOPLE, GR No. 172778, 2012-11-26](/juris/view/cd845)
5. [ROÑO SEGURITAN v. PEOPLE, GR No. 172896, 2010-04-19](/juris/view/cd283)
6. [PEOPLE v. ORLITO VILLACORTA, GR No. 186412, 2011-09-07](/juris/view/c6895)
7. [FILOMENO URBANO v. IAC, GR No. 72964, 1998-01-07](/juris/view/cea8e)

## Impossible Crimes

1. [SULPICIO INTOD v. CA, GR No. 103119, 1992-10-21](/juris/view/c77d0)
2. [PEOPLE v. PABLITO DOMASIAN, GR No. 95322, 1993-03-01](/juris/view/c793b)
3. [GEMMA T. JACINTO v. PEOPLE, GR No. 162540, 2009-07-13](/juris/view/c9e81)
4. [PEOPLE v. NICASIO ENOJA, GR No. 102596, 1999-12-17](/juris/view/c9046)
5. [FELIX CARREON v. MUNICIPAL JUDGE BRUNO R. FLORES, Adm. Case No. 111-MJ, 1975-05-30](/juris/view/c53ca)

## STAGES OF EXECUTION (Article 6 of the RPC)
**Consummated felonies as well as those which are frustrated and attempted, are punishable.**

## Preparatory acts
**As a rule, preparatory acts are not punishable under the Revised Penal Code for as long as they remained equivocal or of uncertain significance, because by their equivocality no one could determine with certainty what the perpetrator's intent really was.**

1. [PEOPLE v. FREEDIE LIZADA, GR No. 143468-71, 2003-01-24](/juris/view/cbb24)
2. [NORBERTO CRUZ v. PEOPLE, GR No. 166441, 2014-10-08](/juris/view/ce2d4)
3. [PEOPLE v. MARCELINO A. BUGARIN, 110817-22, 1997-06-13](/juris/view/c8821)
4. [PEOPLE v. MARLON DELIM, GR No. 142773, 2003-01-28](/juris/view/cbbbb)
5. [RENATO BALEROS v. PEOPLE, GR NO. 138033, 2006-02-22](/juris/view/c9e64)

## Attempted Stage

1. [MARK REYNALD MARASIGAN v. REGINALD FUENTES, GR No. 201310, 2016-01-11](/juris/view/cf085)
2. [PEOPLE v. AURELIO LAMAHANG, GR No. 43530, 1935-08-03](/juris/view/c1d0b)
3. [GARY FANTASTICO v. ELPIDIO MALICSE, GR No. 190912, 2015-01-12](/juris/view/ce629)
4. [PEOPLE v. FREEDIE LIZADA, GR No. 143468-71, 2003-01-24](/juris/view/cbb24)
5. [ELISEO ARANETA v. CA, GR No. L-43527, 1990-07-03](/juris/view/c9827)
6. [RENATO BALEROS v. PEOPLE, GR NO. 138033, 2006-02-22](/juris/view/c9e64)

## Frustrated Stage

1. [EDGAR ESQUEDA v. PEOPLE, GR No. 170222, 2009-06-18](/juris/view/cc09a)
2. [GIOVANI SERRANO v. PEOPLE, GR No. 175023, 2010-07-05](/juris/view/cd352)
3. [PEOPLE v. REGIE LABIAGA, GR No. 202867, 2013-07-15](/juris/view/cdab4)
4. [RONALD IBAÑEZ v. PEOPLE, GR No. 190798, 2016-01-27](/juris/view/cf0f7)
5. [ENGR. CARLITO PENTECOSTES v. PEOPLE, GR No. 167766, 2010-04-07](/juris/view/cd29c)
- Homicidal intent is absent in a case where the accused shot the victim only once when there was an opportunity to do otherwise.	
6. [FE ABELLA v. PEOPLE, GR No. 198400, 2013-10-07](/juris/view/cdbfd)
7. [NORBERTO CRUZ v. PEOPLE, GR No. 166441, 2014-10-08](/juris/view/ce2d4)
8. [PEOPLE v. DANTE DULAY, GR No. 194629, 2014-04-21](/juris/view/cde49)

## Consummated Stage

1. [ARISTOTEL VALENZUELA v. PEOPLE, GR NO.  160188, 2007-06-21](/juris/view/ca2cc)
2. [PEOPLE v. EDGAR GUTIERREZ, GR No. 100699, 1996-07-05](/juris/view/c8439)
3. [PEOPLE v. LORETO SONIDO, GR No. 208646, 2016-06-15](/juris/view/cf209)
4. [PEOPLE v. SUSAN M. TAMAÑO, GR No. 208643, 2016-12-16](/juris/view/cf44c)

## CONSPIRACY AND PROPOSAL TO COMMIT FELONY (Art. 8 of the RPC)

1. [PEOPLE v. TOMAS DIMACUHA, GR No. 191060, 2015-02-02](/juris/view/ce722)
2. [PEOPLE v. DOMINGO VASQUEZ, GR No. 123939, 2004-05-28](/juris/view/cb5e8)
3. [PEOPLE v. CHRISTOPHER ELIZALDE, GR No. 210434, 2016-12-05](/juris/view/cf45b)
4. [PEOPLE v. MARCELO ALETA ALETA, GR No. 179708, 2009-04-16](/juris/view/cc03a)
5. [DELFIN ORODIO v. CA, GR No. 57519, 1988-09-13](/juris/view/c7436)
6. [PEOPLE v. SUPT. REYNALDO BERROYA, GR No. 122487, 1997-12-12](/juris/view/c8a62)
7. [PEOPLE v. ARMANDO DIONALDO, GR No. 207949, 2014-07-23](/juris/view/ce14a)
8. [ZENAIDA P. MAAMO v. PEOPLE, GR No. 201917, 2016-12-01](/juris/view/cf4c7)
9. [PEOPLE v. LEMUEL COMPO, GR No. 112990, 2001-05-28](/juris/view/ccbde)
10. [PEOPLE v. MC HENRY SUAREZ, GR No. 224889, 2016-10-19](/juris/view/cf464)
11. [RICHARD A. CAMBE v. OFFICE OF OMBUDSMAN, GR Nos. 212014-15, 2016-12-06](/juris/view/cf4d7)
12. [HELEN EDITH LEE TAN v. PEOPLE, GR No. 218902, 2016-10-17](/juris/view/cf478)
13. [PEOPLE v. PABLO AMODIA, GR No.  173791, 2009-04-07](/juris/view/cbf9a)
14. [PEOPLE v. EDWIN DE VERA, GR No. 128966, 1999-08-18](/juris/view/c8fe8)

## Offenses not subject to the provisions of the Revised Penal Code (Art. 10)
**Legal principles developed from the Penal Code may be applied in a supplementary capacity to crimes punished under special laws.**

1. [SHARICA MARI L. GO-TAN v. SPOUSES PERFECTO C. TAN, GR No. 168852, 2008-09-30](/juris/view/cb7ae)

## MULTIPLE OFFENDERS (differences, rules, effects) 

## i. Recidivism - Art. 14(9)

1. [PEOPLE v. RANDY BELONIO, GR No. 148695, 2004-05-27](/juris/view/cb590)
2. [PEOPLE v. CONDE RAPISORA, GR No. 147855, 2004-05-28](/juris/view/cb639)
3. [PEOPLE v. EUGENIO LAGARTO, GR No. 65833, 1991-05-06](/juris/view/c9c8e)
4. [PEOPLE v. VS.  ELEUTERIO C. COMPENDIO, GR No. 114002, 1996-07-05](/juris/view/c8480)
5. [PEOPLE v. CANUTO BERNAL, GR No. 44988, 1936-10-31](/juris/view/c1cb3)
6. [PEOPLE v. CELERINO COLOCAR, GR No. 40871, 1934-11-10](/juris/view/c1f3d)
7. [PEOPLE v. JOHNNY MALINAO, GR No. 128148, 2004-02-16](/juris/view/cb744)
8. [PEOPLE v. EDGAR DAWATON, GR No. 146247, 2002-09-17](/juris/view/cc92d)

## ii. Habituality (*Reiteracion*) - Art. 14(10)

1. [PEOPLE v. MELCHOR REAL, GR No. 93436, 1995-03-24](/juris/view/c7fd9)
2. [PEOPLE v. MAXIMO R. RACE, GR No. 93143, 1992-08-04](/juris/view/c76f0)
3. [PEOPLE v. ROGELIO VILLAPANDO, GR No. 73656, 1989-10-05](/juris/view/c70fb)
4. [PEOPLE v. ELMEDIO CAJARA, GR No. 122498, 2000-09-27](/juris/view/c9219)
 
## iii. Quasi-Recidivism - Art. 160
**Quasi recidivism is a special aggravating circumstance which imposes the maximum of the penalty for the new offense without regard to the presence or absence of mitigating or aggravating circumstances**

1. [PEOPLE v. ARTURO ALICIA, GR No. L-38176, 1980-01-22](/juris/view/c5d47)
2. [PEOPLE v. BETH TEMPORADA, GR No. 173473, 2008-12-17](/juris/view/cbd7b)
3. [PEOPLE v. ALBERTO GAORANA, GR Nos. 109138-39, 1998-04-27](/juris/view/c8b91)
4. [PEOPLE v. GONZALO BALDOGO, GR No. 128106-07, 2003-01-24](/juris/view/cbb1f)
5. [PEOPLE v. SATURNINA SALAZAR, GR No. 98060, 1997-01-27](/juris/view/c863b)
6. [PEOPLE v. MARLON ALBERT DE LEON, GR No. 179943, 2009-06-26](/juris/view/cc0cc)
7. [PEOPLE v. RAMON LAO, GR No. 90627, 1991-11-29](/juris/view/c9d06)
8. [PEOPLE v. GENTEM KINTUAN, GR No. 74100, 1987-12-03](/juris/view/c6be4)

## iv. Habitual Delinquency 

1. [THE PEOPLE OP THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS v. EMILIO SANCHEZ, GR No. 37054, 1932-12-23](/juris/view/c1fc4)
2. [PEOPLE v. MANUEL ABUYEN., GR No. 30664, 1929-02-02](/juris/view/c1246)
3. [LEONARDO ALMEDA v. ONOFRE A. VILLALUZ, GR No. L-31665, 1975-08-06](/juris/view/c52f5)

## Continuing crimes

1. [PEOPLE v. MARLON ALBERT DE LEON, GR No. 179943, 2009-06-26](/juris/view/cc0cc)
2. [CONSUELO E. MALLARI v. PEOPLE, GR No. 58886, 1988-12-13](/juris/view/c722f)
3. [MIRIAM DEFENSOR SANTIAGO v. JUSTICE FRANCIS GARCHITORENA, GR No. 109266, 1993-12-02](/juris/view/c7c0d)
4. [JOSE L. GAMBOA v. CA, GR No. L-41054, 1975-11-28](/juris/view/c5419)
5. [SANTIAGO PAERA v. PEOPLE, GR No. 181626, 2011-05-30](/juris/view/c93b7)

## COMPLEX CRIMES AND SPECIAL COMPLEX CRIMES

1. [PEOPLE v. BERNARDINO GAFFUD, GR No. 168050, 2008-09-19](/juris/view/cb75c)
2. [PEOPLE v. ALVIN ESUGON, GR No. 195244, 2015-06-22](/juris/view/ced64)
3. [PEOPLE v. WENCESLAO NELMIDA, GR No. 184500, 2012-09-11](/juris/view/cd78a)
4. [PEOPLE v. EDMUNDO VILLAFLORES, GR No.  184926, 2012-04-11](/juris/view/cd5dd)

## i. Compound crime

1. [PEOPLE v. ROGER RINGOR UMAWID, GR No. 208719, 2014-06-09](/juris/view/cdf03)
2. [PEOPLE v. RAMIL MORES, GR No. 189846, 2013-06-26](/juris/view/cdae0)
3. [PEOPLE v. MARIO TABACO, GR Nos. 100382-100385, 1997-03-19](/juris/view/c86ed)
4. [PEOPLE v. ARTURO PUNZALAN, GR No. 199892, 2012-12-10](/juris/view/cd881)
5. [PEOPLE v. EX-MAYOR CARLOS ESTONILO, GR No. 201565, 2014-10-13](/juris/view/ce3d5)

## ii. Complex crime proper

1. [GRACE DAVID v. PEOPLE, GR No. 208320, 2015-08-19](/juris/view/cee66)
2. [MANOLITO GIL Z. ZAFRA v. PEOPLE, GR No. 176317, 2014-07-23](/juris/view/ce109)
3. [CARLOS L. TANENGGEE v. PEOPLE, GR No. 179448, 2013-06-26](/juris/view/cda8b)
4. [IRIS KRISTINE BALOIS ALBERTO v. THE CA, GR No. 182130, 2013-06-19](/juris/view/cda85)
5. [INTESTATE ESTATE OF MANOLITA GONZALES VDA. DE CARUNGCONG v. PEOPLE, GR No. 181409, 2010-02-11](/juris/view/cd17b)
6. [PEOPLE v. VENANCIO ROXAS, GR No. 172604, 2010-08-17](/juris/view/cd3f3)

## iii. Special complex crime

1. [PEOPLE v. IRENEO JUGUETA, GR No. 202124, 2016-04-05](/juris/view/cf1ab)
2. [PEOPLE v. CONRADO LAOG, GR No. 178321, 2011-10-05](/juris/view/c66e8)
3. [PEOPLE v. CHRISTOPHER ELIZALDE, GR No. 210434, 2016-12-05](/juris/view/cf45b)
4. [PEOPLE v. TEODULO VILLANUEVA, GR No. 187152, 2009-07-22](/juris/view/cc14d)
5. [PEOPLE v. MARY JOY CILOT, GR No. 208410, 2016-10-19](/juris/view/cf41f)
6. [PEOPLE v. JOHNNY MALINAO, GR No. 128148, 2004-02-16](/juris/view/cb744)

## JUSTIFYING CIRCUMSTANCES (Art. 11 of the RPC)
**1. Self-defense**
**2. Defense of relatives**
**3. Defense of strangers**
**4. Avoidance of Greater Evil or Injury**
**5. Fulfillment of Duty or Lawful Exercise of Right or Office**
**6. Obedience to an order issued for some lawful purpose**

## 1. Self-defense

1. [CONRADO CANO v. PEOPLE, GR No. 155258, 2003-10-07](/juris/view/cba77)
2. [PEOPLE v. ALFREDO DULIN, GR No. 171284, 2015-06-29](/juris/view/cedef)
3. [ARNEL COLINARES v. PEOPLE, GR No. 182748, 2011-12-13](/juris/view/c6657)
4. [PEOPLE v. MELANIO NUGAS, GR No. 172606, 2011-11-23](/juris/view/c9794)
5. [PEOPLE v. BENJAMIN CASAS, GR No. 212565, 2015-02-25](/juris/view/ce8a2)
6. [PEOPLE v. EDGAR CONCILLADO, GR No. 181204, 2011-11-28](/juris/view/c7273)
7. [BENJAMIN RUSTIA v. PEOPLE, GR No. 208351, 2016-10-05](/juris/view/cf3e1)
8. [RAFAEL NADYAHAN v. PEOPLE, GR No. 193134, 2016-03-02](/juris/view/cf146)
9. [ROGELIO SOPLENTE v. PEOPLE, GR No. 152715, 2005-07-29](/juris/view/cd0a0)
10. [PEOPLE v. NESTOR ROXAS, GR No. 218396, 2016-02-10](/juris/view/cf0b3)
10. [EDUARDO L. BAXINELA v. PEOPLE, GR NO. 149652, 2006-03-24](/juris/view/c9f6e)
11. [PEOPLE v. WILSON ROMAN, GR No. 198110, 2013-07-31](/juris/view/cdb46)

**Battered woman syndrome (Read R.A. No. 9262)**

1. [PEOPLE v. MARIVIC GENOSA, GR No. 135981, 2004-01-15](/juris/view/cb6ec)

## 2. Defense of relatives

1. [PROCERFINA OLBINAR v. CA, GR No. 76235, 1991-01-21](/juris/view/c9b52)
2. [PEOPLE v. VIRGILIO CAABAY, GR Nos. 129961-62, 2003-08-25](/juris/view/cbcd8)
3. [LEOPOLDO QUINTOS v. PEOPLE, GR No. 205298, 2014-09-10](/juris/view/ce070)
4. [PEOPLE v. EDDIE AGACER, GR No. 177751, 2011-12-14](/juris/view/c6c33)
5. [PEOPLE v. MARCELO ALETA ALETA, GR No. 179708, 2009-04-16](/juris/view/cc03a)
6. [RICARDO BALUNUECO v. CA, GR No. 126968, 2003-04-09](/juris/view/cbbb7)

## 3. Defense of strangers

1. [PAT. RUDY ALMEDA v. CA, GR No. 120853, 1997-03-13](/juris/view/c872b)
2. [PEOPLE v. MELANIO DEL CASTILLO, GR No. 169084, 2012-01-18](/juris/view/c7fd8)
3. [PEOPLE v. HONORATO NAVARRO, GR No. 125538, 1998-09-03](/juris/view/c8df3)
4. [ELISEO ARANETA v. CA, GR No. L-43527, 1990-07-03](/juris/view/c9827)
5. [JOVITO CABUSLAY v. PEOPLE, GR NO.  129875, 2005-09-30](/juris/view/ca503)
6. [RAMON C. GONZALEZ v. ATTY. ARNEL C. ALCARAZ, AC. NO. 5321, 2006-09-27](/juris/view/ca9f4)

## 4. Avoidance of Greater Evil or Injury (State of Necessity)

1. [PEOPLE v. JESUS G. RETUBADO, GR No. 124058, 2003-12-10](/juris/view/cb7bb)
2. [PEOPLE v. ARTURO PUNZALAN, GR No. 199892, 2012-12-10](/juris/view/cd881)
3. [MANILA DOCTORS HOSPITAL v. SO UN CHUA, GR NO. 150355, 2006-07-31](/juris/view/ca275)
4. [PEOPLE v. PIO RICOHERMOSO, GR NOS. L-30527 & L-30528, 1974-03-29](/juris/view/c5208)
5. [ANITA TAN v. STANDARD VACUUM OIL CO., GR No. L-4160, 1952-07-29](/juris/view/c30cc)
6. [VICKY C. TY v. PEOPLE, GR No. 149275, 2004-09-27](/juris/view/cbc6f)

## 5. Fulfillment of Duty or Lawful Exercise of Right or Office

1. [PEOPLE v. ANTONIO Z. OANIS, GR No. 47722, 1943-07-27](/juris/view/c280a)
2. [SPO2 RUPERTO CABANLIG v. SANDIGANBAYAN, GR NO. 148431, 2005-08-28](/juris/view/cbe6a)
3. [SALVADOR YAPYUCO v. SANDIGANBAYAN, GR Nos. 120744-46, 2012-06-25](/juris/view/cd680)
4. [RUPERTO A. AMBIL v. SANDIGANBAYAN, GR No. 175457, 2011-07-06](/juris/view/c71f7)
5. [SANTIAGO PAERA v. PEOPLE, GR No. 181626, 2011-05-30](/juris/view/c93b7)
6. [RUFINO S. MAMANGUN v. PEOPLE, GR No. 149152, 2007-02-02](/juris/view/c9f9a)
7. [PEOPLE v. CARMELO CATBAGAN, GR Nos. 149430-32, 2004-02-23](/juris/view/cb852)
8. [ELIAS VALCORZA v. PEOPLE, GR No. L-28129, 1969-10-31](/juris/view/c4bbf)

## 6. Obedience to an order issued for some lawful purpose

1. [RUPERTO A. AMBIL v. SANDIGANBAYAN, GR No. 175457, 2011-07-06](/juris/view/c71f7)
2. [LUIS A. TABUENA v. SANDIGANBAYAN, GR No. 103501-03, 1997-02-17](/juris/view/c8696)
3. [PEOPLE v. CALOMA TABAG, GR No. 116511, 1997-02-12](/juris/view/c86b3)

## EXEMPTING CIRCUMSTANCES (Art. 12 of the RPC)
**1. Insanity or imbecility**
**2. Minority (15 years of age or under, as amended by RA 9344)**
**3. Performance of a lawful act with due care (Accident)**
**4. Compulsion of an irresistible force**
**5. Uncontrollable fear of an equal or greater injury**
**6. Failure to perform an act due to some lawful or insuperable cause**

## 1. Insanity or imbecility

**Insanity**

1. [SOLOMON VERDADERO v. PEOPLE, GR No. 216021, 2016-03-02](/juris/view/cf12d)
2. [PEOPLE v. ROGER RINGOR UMAWID, GR No. 208719, 2014-06-09](/juris/view/cdf03)
3. [PEOPLE v. EDWIN ISLA, GR No. 199875, 2012-11-21](/juris/view/cd812)
4. [PEOPLE v. HONORIO TIBON, GR No. 188320, 2010-06-29](/juris/view/cd309)
5. [PEOPLE v. RANDY BELONIO, GR No. 148695, 2004-05-27](/juris/view/cb590)
6. [PEOPLE v. ARNOLD GARCHITORENA, GR No. 175605, 2009-08-28](/juris/view/cc1e4)
7. [PEOPLE v. JESUS DOMINGO, GR No. 184343, 2009-03-02](/juris/view/cbf19)
8. [PEOPLE v. REYNALDO VILLANUEVA, GR NO. 172697, 2007-09-25](/juris/view/cad8a)
9. [PEOPLE v. GUILLERMO FLORENDO, GR No. 136845, 2003-10-08](/juris/view/cb83c)
10. [PEOPLE v. ANACITO OPURAN, GR Nos. 147674-75, 2004-03-17](/juris/view/ce4b4)

**Imbecility**

1. [PEOPLE v. ABELARDO FORMIGONES, GR No. L-3246, 1950-11-29](/juris/view/c3977)
2. [PEOPLE v. HONORATO AMBAL, GR No. 52688, 1980-10-17](/juris/view/c5e8e)
3. [PEOPLE v. CHARLIE BUTIONG, GR No. 168932, 2011-10-19](/juris/view/c752a)
4. [PEOPLE v. JOSEPH PAMBID, GR No. 124453, 2000-03-15](/juris/view/cd04d)
5. [PEOPLE v. ALBERTO MEDINA, GR No. 113691, 1998-02-06](/juris/view/c8aff)
6. [PEOPLE v. MICHAEL NUNEZ, GR No. 112429-30, 1997-07-23](/juris/view/c889e)
7. [PEOPLE v. LAROY BUENAFLOR, GR No. 93752, 1992-07-15](/juris/view/c7684)

## 2. Minority (15 years of age or under;over 15 under 18 but w/o discernment, as amended by RA 9344)

1. [JERWIN DORADO v. PEOPLE, GR No. 216671, 2016-10-03](/juris/view/cf3d3)
2. [PEOPLE v. HENRY ARPON, GR No. 183563, 2011-12-14](/juris/view/c9a40)
3. [PEOPLE v. ALLEN UDTOJAN MANTALABA, GR No. 186227, 2011-07-20](/juris/view/c7240)
4. [PEOPLE v. HERMIE M. JACINTO, GR No. 182239, 2011-03-16](/juris/view/cc8b3)
5. [RAYMUND MADALI v. PEOPLE, GR No. 180380, 2009-08-04](/juris/view/cc16f)
6. [ROBERT SIERRA v. PEOPLE, GR No. 182941, 2009-07-03](/juris/view/cc0e6)
7. [MICHAEL JOHN Z. MALTO v. PEOPLE, GR No. 164733, 2007-09-21](/juris/view/cb0f4)

## 3. Performance of a lawful act with due care (Accident)

1. [PEOPLE v. RICARDO AGLIDAY, GR No. 140794, 2001-10-16](/juris/view/cce9f)
2. [PEOPLE v. MANUEL MACAL, GR No. 211062, 2016-01-13](/juris/view/cf153)
3. [PEOPLE v. FEDERICO GENITA, GR No. 126171, 2004-03-11](/juris/view/cb395)
4. [ROWENO POMOY v. PEOPLE, GR No. 150647, 2004-09-29](/juris/view/cbc86)
5. [PEOPLE v. MARCIAL MALICDEM, GR No. 184601, 2012-11-12](/juris/view/cd826)
6. [VIRGILIO TALAMPAS v. PEOPLE, GR No. 180219, 2011-11-23](/juris/view/c7f4b)
7. [PEOPLE v. SUSAN LATOSA, GR No. 186128, 2010-06-23](/juris/view/cd302)
8. [PEOPLE v. ISAIAS CASTILLO, GR NO. 172695, 2007-06-29](/juris/view/ca100)

## 4. Compulsion of an irresistible force
**A person invoking irresistible force or uncontrollable fear must show that the force exerted was such that it reduced him to a mere instrument who acted not only without will but against his will.**
**Compulsion must be of such character as to leave appellant no opportunity for self-defense in equal combat or for escape.**

1. [PEOPLE v. JOSELITO DEL ROSARIO, GR No. 127755, 1999-04-14](/juris/view/c8f5a)
2. [PEOPLE v. EUSTAQUIO LORENO, GR No. L-54414, 1984-07-09](/juris/view/c66bf)
3. [PEOPLE v. RODERICK LICAYAN, GR No. 203961, 2015-07-29](/juris/view/cee76)
4. [PEOPLE v. JUAN SALVATIERRA, GR No. 111124, 1996-06-20](/juris/view/c8408)
5. [PEOPLE v. ALBERTO ANTICAMARA, GR No. 178771, 2011-06-08](/juris/view/c935f)
6. [PEOPLE v. NELIDA DEQUINA, GR No. 177570, 2011-01-19](/juris/view/c84a6)
7. [PEOPLE v. SAMUEL ANOD, GR No. 186420, 2009-08-25](/juris/view/cc1e9)

## 5. Uncontrollable fear of an equal or greater injury
**Fear in order to be valid should be based on a real, imminent or reasonable fear for one's life or limb.**

1. [PEOPLE v. CHARLIE FIELDAD, GR No. 196005, 2014-10-01](/juris/view/ce1d3)
2. [ADINA B. MANANSALA v. PEOPLE, GR No. 215424, 2015-12-09](/juris/view/cf059)
3. [PEOPLE v. RODERICK LICAYAN, GR No. 203961, 2015-07-29](/juris/view/cee76)
4. [PEOPLE v. NARCISO SALDAÑA, GR No. 148518, 2004-04-15](/juris/view/cb32b)
5. [PEOPLE v. RENE BARON, GR No. 185209, 2010-06-28](/juris/view/cd301)
6. [PEOPLE v. SAMUEL ANOD, GR No. 186420, 2009-08-25](/juris/view/cc1e9)
7. [PEOPLE v. JOSELITO DEL ROSARIO, GR No. 127755, 1999-04-14](/juris/view/c8f5a)
8. [PEOPLE v. RUDY FRONDA, GR No. 102361-62, 1993-05-14](/juris/view/c7a37)

## 6. Failure to perform an act due to some lawful or insuperable cause

1. [PEOPLE v. JOSEPINA BANDIAN, GR No.  45186, 1936-09-30](/juris/view/c1c51)

## MITIGATING CIRCUMSTANCES (Art. 13 of the RPC)
**1. Incomplete justifying or exempting circumstances**
**2. Minority (impliedly repealed by R.A. No. 9344; Read Article 68 of the RPC)**
**3. No intention to commit so grave a wrong (*Praeter Intentionem*)**
**4. Sufficient provocation**
**5. Immediate vindication of a grave offense**
**6. Passion or Obfuscation**
**7. Voluntary surrender**
**8. Voluntary plea of guilt**
**9. Deaf and dumb, blind or otherwise suffering some physical defect**
**10. Illness**
**11. Analogous circumstances**

## 1. Incomplete justifying or exempting circumstances

**Incomplete self-defense**

1. [NOEL GUILLERMO v. PEOPLE, GR No. 153287, 2008-06-30](/juris/view/cb250)
2. [PEOPLE v. MARIANO OANDASAN, GR No. L-29532, 1968-09-28](/juris/view/c4a05)
3. [PEOPLE v. ALLAN GABRINO, GR No. 189981, 2011-03-09](/juris/view/cced7)
4. [ALBERTO ALMOJUELA v. PEOPLE, GR No. 183202, 2014-06-02](/juris/view/cdec2)
5. [PEOPLE v. MAMERTO NARVAEZ, GR Nos. L-33466-67, 1983-04-20](/juris/view/c63dc)
6. [BENJAMIN RUSTIA v. PEOPLE, GR No. 208351, 2016-10-05](/juris/view/cf3e1)
7. [PEOPLE v. ALBERTO TABARNERO, GR No. 168169, 2010-02-24](/juris/view/cd198)
8. [PEOPLE v. BONIFACIO BADRIAGO, GR No. 183566, 2009-05-08](/juris/view/cc02b)

**Incomplete defense of a relative**

1. [PEOPLE v. LUIS B. TORING, GR No. 56358, 1990-10-26](/juris/view/c9971)
2. [PEOPLE v. EMILIO SANTOS V DELGADO, GR Nos. 99259-60, 1996-03-29](/juris/view/c8336)

**Incomplete defense of a stranger**

1. [PEOPLE v. IRVING FLORES, GR No. 103801-02, 1994-10-19](/juris/view/c7e9b)
2. [PEOPLE v. EDUARDO FERNANDEZ, GR Nos. L-32322-23, 1982-01-27](/juris/view/c60c0)

**Incomplete defense of fulfillment of a duty**

1. [EDUARDO L. BAXINELA v. PEOPLE, GR NO. 149652, 2006-03-24](/juris/view/c9f6e)

## 2. Minority (impliedly repealed by R.A. No. 9344; Read Article 68 of the RPC)

## 3. No intention to commit so grave a wrong (Praeter Intentionem)

1. [MARIA PAZ FRONTRERAS v. PEOPLE, GR No. 190583, 2015-12-07](/juris/view/cf05c)
2. [GUILLERMO WACOY v. PEOPLE, GR No. 213792, 2015-06-22](/juris/view/cedb9)
3. [PEOPLE v. STANLEY BUENAMER, GR No. 206227, 2016-08-31](/juris/view/cf34f)
4. [DANDY L. DUNGO v. PEOPLE, GR No. 209464, 2015-07-01](/juris/view/ceea3)
5. [PEOPLE v. NOEL T. SALES, GR No. 177218, 2011-10-03](/juris/view/c728d)
6. [RODEL URBANO v. PEOPLE, GR No. 182750, 2009-01-20](/juris/view/cbdfd)
7. [PEOPLE v. JAY MANDY MAGLIAN, GR No. 189834, 2011-03-30](/juris/view/c9548)
8. [ROÑO SEGURITAN v. PEOPLE, GR No. 172896, 2010-04-19](/juris/view/cd283)
9. [AMADO ALVARADO GARCIA v. PEOPLE, GR No. 171951, 2009-08-28](/juris/view/cc1db)

## 4. Sufficient provocation

1. [FELIPE E. PEPITO v. THE CA, GR No. 119942, 1999-07-08](/juris/view/c9167)
2. [RODEL URBANO v. PEOPLE, GR No. 182750, 2009-01-20](/juris/view/cbdfd)
3. [FELIPE NAVARRO v. CA, GR No. 121087, 1999-08-26](/juris/view/c8fbe)
4. [MANUEL O. ORIENTE v. PEOPLE, GR NO. 155094, 2007-01-30](/juris/view/c9f7b)
5. [PEOPLE v. ALBERTO MACASO, GR No. L-30489, 1975-06-30](/juris/view/c538e)
6. [PEOPLE v. RICARDO FRANCISCO, GR No. 118573-74, 2000-05-31](/juris/view/c8299)
7. [PEOPLE v. EDUARDO FERNANDEZ, GR Nos. L-32322-23, 1982-01-27](/juris/view/c60c0)
8. [PEOPLE v. GUILLERMO SANCHEZ, GR No. 88750, 1991-07-18](/juris/view/c9ba6)
9. [ARTURO ROMERA v. PEOPLE, GR No. 151978, 2004-07-14](/juris/view/cb21d)

## 5. Immediate vindication of a grave offense

1. [RICARDO BACABAC v. PEOPLE, GR No. 149372, 2007-09-11](/juris/view/cad2e)
2. [PEOPLE v. ROSENDO REBUCAN, GR No. 182551, 2011-07-27](/juris/view/c78eb)
3. [GREGORIO PELONIA v. PEOPLE, GR NO. 168997, 2007-04-13](/juris/view/ca67e)
4. [PEOPLE v. FELIX VENTURA, GR Nos. 148145-46, 2004-07-05](/juris/view/cb1e6)
5. [PEOPLE v. DENNIS TORPIO, GR No. 138984, 2004-06-04](/juris/view/cb736)
6. [PEOPLE v. JUNE IGNAS, GR Nos. 140514-15, 2003-09-30](/juris/view/cba78)
7. [PEOPLE v. RUBEN CAÑETE, GR No. 138366, 2003-09-11](/juris/view/cb936)

## 6. Passion or Obfuscation

1. [PEOPLE v. MARCELINO OLOVERIO, GR No. 211159, 2015-03-18](/juris/view/cea64)
2. [VIRGINIA JABALDE v. PEOPLE, GR No. 195224, 2016-06-15](/juris/view/cf25b)
3. [PEOPLE v. ARANDE COLINA ADLAWAN, GR No. 131839, 2002-01-30](/juris/view/cc38b)
4. [RICARDO DEL POSO v. PEOPLE, GR No. 210810, 2016-12-07](/juris/view/cf44d)
5. [PEOPLE v. MAMERTO NARVAEZ, GR Nos. L-33466-67, 1983-04-20](/juris/view/c63dc)
6. [GEORGE BONGALON v. PEOPLE, GR No. 169533, 2013-03-20](/juris/view/cda04)
7. [PEOPLE v. AUSENCIO COMILLO, GR No. 186538, 2009-11-25](/juris/view/cc712)
8. [PEOPLE v. NOEL CUASAY, GR No. 180512, 2008-10-17](/juris/view/cb955)
9. [MIGUEL DANOFRATA v. PEOPLE, GR No. 143010, 2003-09-30](/juris/view/cba7d)

## 7. Voluntary surrender

1. [ALBERTO ALMOJUELA v. PEOPLE, GR No. 183202, 2014-06-02](/juris/view/cdec2)
2. [PEOPLE v. LITO HERNANDEZ, GR No. 139697, 2004-06-15](/juris/view/cb869)
3. [PEOPLE v. RAMON PLACER, GR No. 181753, 2013-10-09](/juris/view/cdbf4)
4. [PEOPLE v. LUIS B. TORING, GR No. 56358, 1990-10-26](/juris/view/c9971)
5. [PEOPLE v. MAMERTO NARVAEZ, GR Nos. L-33466-67, 1983-04-20](/juris/view/c63dc)
6. [MARIA PAZ FRONTRERAS v. PEOPLE, GR No. 190583, 2015-12-07](/juris/view/cf05c)
7. [MARIO SALUTA v. PEOPLE, GR No. 181335, 2016-07-27](/juris/view/cf305)
8. [ALOYSIUS DAIT LUMAUIG v. PEOPLE, GR No. 166680, 2014-07-07](/juris/view/cdf7f)
9. [RODOLFO BELBIS v. PEOPLE, GR No. 181052, 2012-11-14](/juris/view/cd80b)

## 8. Voluntary plea of guilt

1. [PEOPLE v. MARLON JUAN, GR No. 152289, 2004-01-14](/juris/view/cb642)
2. [PEOPLE v. EDGAR DAWATON, GR No. 146247, 2002-09-17](/juris/view/cc92d)
3. [PEOPLE v. CASTANITO GANO, GR No. 134373, 2001-02-28](/juris/view/cc50b)
4. [PEOPLE v. CHRISTOPHER CAÑA LEONOR, GR No. 125053, 1999-03-25](/juris/view/c9294)
5. [PEOPLE v. ANTONIO MAGAT, GR No. 130026, 2000-05-31](/juris/view/c82c4)
6. [PEOPLE v. WILLIAM MONTINOLA, GR Nos. 131856-57, 2001-07-09](/juris/view/cccb2)

## 9. Deaf and dumb, blind or otherwise suffering some physical defect

1. [PEOPLE v. ROGELIO DOEPANTE, GR No. 102772, 1996-10-30](/juris/view/c856f)
2. [PEOPLE v. RICARDO FRANCISCO, GR No. 118573-74, 2000-05-31](/juris/view/c8299)
3. [PEOPLE v. CELESTINO GARILLO, GR No. L-30281, 1978-08-02](/juris/view/c5b6e)

## 10. Illness

1. [PEOPLE v. ALBERTO MEDINA, GR No. 113691, 1998-02-06](/juris/view/c8aff)
2. [PEOPLE v. POLICARPIO RAFANAN, GR No. 54135, 1991-11-21](/juris/view/c9cea)
3. [PEOPLE v. ABELARDO FORMIGONES, GR No. L-3246, 1950-11-29](/juris/view/c3977)

## 11. Analogous circumstances

1. [ELISEO EDUARTE v. PEOPLE, GR No. 176566, 2009-10-02](/juris/view/cc3e7)
2. [PEOPLE v. BENJAMIN ONG, GR No. L-34497, 1975-01-30](/juris/view/c532a)
3. [PEOPLE v. MORO MACBUL, GR No. 48976, 1943-10-11](/juris/view/c283f)

## AGGRAVATING CIRCUMSTANCES (Art. 14 of the RPC)
**Aggravating circumstances must be alleged in the complaint or information.**

**1. Taking advantage of public position**
**2. With insult to the public authorities**
**3. In disregard of one's rank, age, sex, or dwelling**
**4. With abuse of confidence or obvious ungratefulness**
**5. Committed in the palace of the Chief Executive, or in his presence, or where public authorities are engaged in the discharge of their duties, or in a place dedicated to religious worship.**
**6. Committed in the night time, or in an uninhabited place, or by a band, whenever such circumstances may facilitate the commission of the offense.**
**7. Committed on the occasion of a calamity or misfortune.**
**8. With the aid of armed men or persons who insure or afford impunity.**
**9. Accused is a recidivist**
**10. Previously punished for an offense to which the law attaches an equal or greater penalty or for two or more crimes to which it attaches a lighter penalty.**
**11. Committed in consideration of a price, reward, or promise.**
**12. Use of any artifice involving great waste and ruin.**
**13. Committed with evident premeditation**
**14. Craft, fraud, or disguise be employed.**
**15. Abuse of superior strength, or means be employed to weaken the defense.**
**16. Committed with treachery (*alevosia*).**
**17. Means employed to add ignominy.**
**18. Committed after an unlawful entry.**
**19. As a means to the commission of a crime a wall, roof, floor, door, or window be broken.**
**20. With the aid of minors or by means of motor vehicles, airships, or other similar means.**
**21. Cruelty**

## 1. Taking advantage of public position

1. [ALBERTO GARONG v. PEOPLE, GR No. 172539, 2016-11-16](/juris/view/cf4b2)
2. [PEOPLE v. PACIFICO SUMAOY, GR No. 105961, 1996-10-22](/juris/view/c857a)
3. [PEOPLE v. BALTAZAR AMION, GR No. 140511, 2001-03-01](/juris/view/cc548)
4. [US v. MANUEL RODRIGUEZ ET AL., GR No. 6344, 1911-03-21](/juris/view/cd4a)
5. [PEOPLE v. GUILLERMO TABION, GR No. L-32629, 1979-10-23](/juris/view/c5008)
6. [PEOPLE v. JOHN PETER HIPOL, GR No. 140549, 2003-07-22](/juris/view/cbefa)
7. [PEOPLE v. PO3 RENATO F. VILLAMOR, GR Nos. 140407-08, 2002-01-15](/juris/view/cc277)
8. [PEOPLE v. LAMBERTO TAPEMO, GR No. L-33573, 1988-08-29](/juris/view/cea31)
9. [EDGAR CRISOSTOMO v. SANDIGANBAYAN, GR NO. 152398, 2005-04-14](/juris/view/ca717)
10. [PEOPLE v. PO2 LEONARDO K. JOYNO, GR No. 123982, 1999-03-15](/juris/view/c9298)

## 2. With insult to the public authorities

1. [PEOPLE v. OLIMPIO RIZAL, GR No. L-43487-89, 1981-02-26](/juris/view/c5f36)
2. [PEOPLE v. RENATO TAC-AN, GR Nos. 76338-39, 1990-02-26](/juris/view/c974e)
3. [PEOPLE v. HERMOGENES MAGDUENO, GR NO. 68699, 1986-09-22](/juris/view/c8e5e)
4. [PEOPLE v. RUDY TIONGSON, GR No. L-35123-24, 1984-07-25](/juris/view/c66e6)
5. [PEOPLE v. SPO1 ROMULO GUTIERREZ, GR No. 116281, 1999-02-08](/juris/view/c9110)
6. [US v. MANUEL RODRIGUEZ ET AL., GR No. 6344, 1911-03-21](/juris/view/cd4a)

## 3. In disregard of one's rank, age, sex, or dwelling
**Disregard of rank**

1. [PEOPLE v. FLORO RODIL, GR No. L-35156, 1981-11-20](/juris/view/c6077)
2. [PEOPLE v. HILGEM NERIO, GR No. 142564, 2001-09-26](/juris/view/ccd82)
3. [PEOPLE v. JESUS MADRID, GR No. 129896, 2000-11-23](/juris/view/c9547)

**Disregard of age**

1. [PEOPLE v. PABLO DELA CRUZ, GR Nos. 154348-50, 2004-06-08](/juris/view/cb7b0)
2. [PEOPLE v. LITO HERNANDEZ, GR No. 139697, 2004-06-15](/juris/view/cb869)
3. [PEOPLE v. BERNANDINO ALAJAY, GR Nos. 133796-97, 2003-08-12](/juris/view/cb7f4)
4. [PEOPLE v. HILGEM NERIO, GR No. 142564, 2001-09-26](/juris/view/ccd82)

**Disregard of sex**

1. [QUIRICO MARI v. CA, GR No. 127694, 2000-05-31](/juris/view/c8af6)
2. [PEOPLE v. LITO HERNANDEZ, GR No. 139697, 2004-06-15](/juris/view/cb869)
3. [PEOPLE v. ERNESTO PUNO, GR No. L-33211, 1981-06-29](/juris/view/c5f86)
4. [PEOPLE v. EDRALIN TABOGA, GR Nos. 144086-87, 2002-02-06](/juris/view/cc426)
5. [PEOPLE v. CLEMENTE MANGSANT, GR No. 45704, 1938-05-25](/juris/view/c1964)
6. [PEOPLE v. ANTONIO REYES, GR No. 153119, 2004-04-13](/juris/view/cb287)

**Disregard of dwelling**

1. [PEOPLE v. IRENEO JUGUETA, GR No. 202124, 2016-04-05](/juris/view/cf1ab)
2. [PEOPLE v. ROMEO JOYA, GR No. 79090, 1993-10-01](/juris/view/c7b75)
3. [PEOPLE v. AMADO DANIEL, GR L-40330, 1978-11-20](/juris/view/c5cd0)

## 4. With abuse of confidence or obvious ungratefulness

1. [PEOPLE v. REALINO ZEA, GR No. L-23109, 1984-06-29](/juris/view/c6683)
2. [PEOPLE v. SALVADOR ARROJADO, GR No. 130492, 2001-01-31](/juris/view/cc249)
3. [PEOPLE v. MICHAEL BOKINGO, GR No. 187536, 2011-08-10](/juris/view/c7412)
4. [PEOPLE v. VS.JOSEPH GELERA, GR No. 121377, 1997-08-15](/juris/view/c894a)
5. [PEOPLE vs. MAGDALENA CALISO, G.R. No. 37271, July 01, 1933](/juris/view/c1d3a)
6. [US v. MANUEL RODRIGUEZ ET AL., GR No. 6344, 1911-03-21](/juris/view/cd4a)

## 5. Committed in the palace of the Chief Executive, or in his presence, or where public authorities are engaged in the discharge of their duties, or in a place dedicated to religious worship.

## 6. Committed in the night time, or in an uninhabited place, or by a band, whenever such circumstances may facilitate the commission of the offense.

**Nighttime (nocturnity)**
**When the laws speak of nights, it shall be understood that nights are from sunset to sunrise (*Art. 13, New Civil Code*)**

1. [PEOPLE v. FELIPE DEMATE, GR Nos. 132310 & 143968-69, 2004-01-20](/juris/view/cb69d)
2. [PEOPLE v. ROLANDO ALFANTA, GR No. 125633, 1999-12-09](/juris/view/c908d)
3. [PEOPLE v. ROBERTO BOYLES, GR No. L-15308, 1964-05-29](/juris/view/c4e43)
4. [PEOPLE v. ROMUALDO CAPILLAS, GR No. L-27177, 1981-10-23](/juris/view/c6040)
5. [PEOPLE v. ANGELO ZETA, GR No. 178541, 2008-03-27](/juris/view/cb01b)
6. [PEOPLE v. RAFAEL VELAGA, GR No. 87202, 1991-07-23](/juris/view/c9bad)
7. [PEOPLE v. DOMINADOR SALCEDO, GR No. 78774, 1989-04-12](/juris/view/c6e39)
8. [PEOPLE v. RAELITO LIBRANDO, GR No. 132251, 2000-07-06](/juris/view/ccb29)
9. [PEOPLE v. JOHNNY MALINAO, GR No. 128148, 2004-02-16](/juris/view/cb744)
  
**Uninhabited place (*despoblado*)**

1. [ERNESTO GARCES v. PEOPLE, GR NO. 173858, 2007-07-17](/juris/view/cac1d)
2. [PEOPLE v. ELY CABILES, GR No. 113785, 1995-09-14](/juris/view/c81bf)
3. [PEOPLE v. ROSALIO LAGUARDIA, GR No. 63243, 1987-02-27](/juris/view/c6c37)
4. [PEOPLE v. SALVADOR BALISTEROS, GR No. 110289, 1994-10-07](/juris/view/c7eab)
5. [PEOPLE v. OLIMPIO CORPUZ, GR No. L-12718, 1960-02-24](/juris/view/c3df5)
6. [PEOPLE v. ELPEDIO TORRES, GR No. 134766, 2004-01-16](/juris/view/cb682)
8. [PEOPLE v. ROMUALDO CAPILLAS, GR No. L-27177, 1981-10-23](/juris/view/c6040)
9. [PEOPLE v. ROBERTO OSTIA, GR No. 131804, 2003-02-26](/juris/view/cbb27)
10. [PEOPLE v. BENJAMIN ONG, GR No. L-37908, 1981-10-23](/juris/view/c6044)
 
**By a band (*en cuadrilla*)**

1. [PEOPLE v. SPO1 ARMANDO LOZANO, GR Nos. 137370-71, 2003-09-29](/juris/view/cba55)
2. [PEOPLE v. LIBERATO 'DUKDUK' SOLAMILLO, GR No. 123161, 2003-06-18](/juris/view/cbc18)
3. [PEOPLE v. PROCULO MEJECA, GR No. 146425, 2002-11-21](/juris/view/cc9fa)
4. [PEOPLE v. EDUARDO GALANZA, GR No. 89685, 1993-11-08](/juris/view/c7ba8)
5. [PEOPLE v. EDGAR EVANGELIO, GR No. 181902, 2011-08-31](/juris/view/c6735)
6. [PEOPLE v. ROMAN DERILO, GR No. 117818, 1997-04-18](/juris/view/c8790)
7. [PEOPLE v. ROMEO MENDOZA, GR No. 104461, 1996-02-23](/juris/view/c82eb)

## 7. Committed on the occasion of a calamity or misfortune.

1. [PEOPLE v. DICTO ARPA, GR No. L-26789, 1969-04-25](/juris/view/c4a33)
2. [US v. MANUEL RODRIGUEZ ET AL., GR No. 6344, 1911-03-21](/juris/view/cd4a)
3. [PEOPLE v. LAO WAN SING, GR No. L-16379, 1972-08-18](/juris/view/c58e1)

## 8. With the aid of armed men or persons who insure or afford impunity.

1. [PEOPLE v. NELSON CARIÑO, GR No. 131117, 2004-06-15](/juris/view/cb857)
2. [PEOPLE v. BALTAZAR AMION, GR No. 140511, 2001-03-01](/juris/view/cc548)
3. [PEOPLE v. SPO1 ARMANDO LOZANO, GR Nos. 137370-71, 2003-09-29](/juris/view/cba55)
4. [PEOPLE v. NOEL ENOJAS, GR No. 204894, 2014-03-10](/juris/view/cdd6f)

##  9. Accused is a recidivist.

1. [PEOPLE v. RANDY BELONIO, GR No. 148695, 2004-05-27](/juris/view/cb590)
2. [PEOPLE v. JOSELITO ESCARDA, GR No. 120548, 2001-10-26](/juris/view/cce88)
3. [PEOPLE v. REYNALDO KYAMKO, GR No. 103805, 1993-05-17](/juris/view/c7a4a)
4. [PEOPLE v. CONDE RAPISORA, GR No. 147855, 2004-05-28](/juris/view/cb639)
5. [PEOPLE v. EUGENIO LAGARTO, GR No. 65833, 1991-05-06](/juris/view/c9c8e)
6. [PEOPLE v. VS.  ELEUTERIO C. COMPENDIO, GR No. 114002, 1996-07-05](/juris/view/c8480)
7. [PEOPLE v. CANUTO BERNAL, GR No. 44988, 1936-10-31](/juris/view/c1cb3)
8. [PEOPLE v. CELERINO COLOCAR, GR No. 40871, 1934-11-10](/juris/view/c1f3d)
9. [PEOPLE v. JOHNNY MALINAO, GR No. 128148, 2004-02-16](/juris/view/cb744)
10. [PEOPLE v. EDGAR DAWATON, GR No. 146247, 2002-09-17](/juris/view/cc92d)

## 10. Habituality (*Reiteracion*) - Previously punished for an offense to which the law attaches an equal or greater penalty or for two or more crimes to which it attaches a lighter penalty.

1. [PEOPLE v. MELCHOR REAL, GR No. 93436, 1995-03-24](/juris/view/c7fd9)
2. [PEOPLE v. MAXIMO R. RACE, GR No. 93143, 1992-08-04](/juris/view/c76f0)
3. [PEOPLE v. ROGELIO VILLAPANDO, GR No. 73656, 1989-10-05](/juris/view/c70fb)
4. [PEOPLE v. ELMEDIO CAJARA, GR No. 122498, 2000-09-27](/juris/view/c9219)
5. [PEOPLE v. ALBERTO GAORANA, GR Nos. 109138-39, 1998-04-27](/juris/view/c8b91)

## 11. Committed in consideration of a price, reward, or promise.

1. [THE  PEOPLE v. ADRIANO CAÑETE, GR No. L-37945, 1984-05-28](/juris/view/c6660)
2. [PEOPLE v. BEN PAREDES, GR Nos. L-19149 to L-19150, 1968-08-16](/juris/view/c47ed)
3. [PEOPLE v. NENITO ALINCASTRE, GR No. L-29891, 1971-08-30](/juris/view/c5785)
4. [US v. MANUEL FLORES ET AL., GR No. 9008, 1914-09-17](/juris/view/cd44)
5. [US v. GAMAO, GR No. 6942, 1912-08-30](/juris/view/c99a) 

## 12. Use of any artifice involving great waste and ruin.

**By means of fire**

1. [PEOPLE v. EDNA MALNGAN, GR NO. 170470, 2006-09-26](/juris/view/ca882)
2. [PEOPLE v. PEDRO CEDENIO, GR No. 93485, 1994-06-27](/juris/view/c7d67)
3. [US v. FRANK E, GR No. 16648, 1921-03-05](/juris/view/c1380)
 
**By means of poison**

1. [PEOPLE v. ARMINGOL HANASAN, GR No. L-25989, 1969-09-30](/juris/view/c4be3)

**By means of explosion**

1. [PEOPLE v. ANTONIO COMADRE, GR No. 153559, 2004-06-08](/juris/view/cb7ad)
2. [PEOPLE v. MANUEL Y. TAYO, GR No. 52798, 1986-02-19](/juris/view/c6a21)
3. [PEOPLE v. DANTE DULAY, GR No. 194629, 2014-04-21](/juris/view/cde49)
4. [PEOPLE v. REYNALDO BARDE, GR No. 183094, 2010-09-22](/juris/view/cd49c)

## 13. Committed with evident premeditation

1. [PEOPLE v. EDDIE OLAZO, GR No. 220761, 2016-10-03](/juris/view/cf3f4)
2. [PEOPLE v. ANGELO ZETA, GR No. 178541, 2008-03-27](/juris/view/cb01b)
3. [PEOPLE v. TOMAS DIMACUHA, GR No. 191060, 2015-02-02](/juris/view/ce722)
4. [PEOPLE v. LIBERATO 'DUKDUK' SOLAMILLO, GR No. 123161, 2003-06-18](/juris/view/cbc18)
5. [JERWIN DORADO v. PEOPLE, GR No. 216671, 2016-10-03](/juris/view/cf3d3)
6. [PEOPLE v. YOLANDO LIBRE, GR No. 192790, 2016-08-01](/juris/view/cf306)
7. [PEOPLE v. APOLONIO 'TOTONG' AVILA, GR No. 201584, 2016-06-15](/juris/view/cf235)

## 14. Craft, fraud, or disguise be employed. 

1. [PEOPLE v. AGAPITO QUIÑANOLA, GR No. 126148, 1999-05-05](/juris/view/c92f0)
2. [PEOPLE v. LEOSON DELA CRUZ, GR NO. 171272, 2007-06-07](/juris/view/cab42)
3. [PEOPLE v. DANILO FELICIANO, GR No. 196735, 2016-08-03](/juris/view/cf30f)
4. [PEOPLE v. MICHAEL NUNEZ, GR No. 112429-30, 1997-07-23](/juris/view/c889e)
5. [PEOPLE v. VIVENCIO LABUGUEN, GR No. 127849., 2000-08-09](/juris/view/c8c6c)
6. [PEOPLE v. SABANGAN CABATO, GR No. L-37400, 1988-04-15](/juris/view/c989d)

## 15. Abuse of superior strength, or means be employed to weaken the defense.

1. [PEOPLE v. MC HENRY SUAREZ, GR No. 224889, 2016-10-19](/juris/view/cf464)
2. [PEOPLE v. PABLO AMODIA, GR No.  173791, 2009-04-07](/juris/view/cbf9a)
3. [PEOPLE v. EDDIE OLAZO, GR No. 220761, 2016-10-03](/juris/view/cf3f4)
4. [PEOPLE v. ARDO BACERO, GR No. 208527, 2016-07-20](/juris/view/cf2dd)
5. [PEOPLE v. APOLONIO 'TOTONG' AVILA, GR No. 201584, 2016-06-15](/juris/view/cf235)
6. [PEOPLE v. RANDY BAÑEZ, GR No. 198057, 2015-09-21](/juris/view/cef59)
7. [US v. CORNELIO DEVELA ET AL., GR No. 1542, 1904-04-09](/juris/view/c2bd)
8. [PEOPLE v. MARIANO DUCUSIN, GR No. 30724, 1929-08-08](/juris/view/c13b6)
9. [PEOPLE v. NENITO C. FERRER, GR No. L-60073, 1983-09-23](/juris/view/c64ea)
10. [PEOPLE v. JULITO DAVA, GR Nos. L-41642-45, 1987-05-15](/juris/view/c6d72)
11. [PEOPLE v. WILFREDO LLAGUNO, GR No. 91262, 1998-01-28](/juris/view/c8a84)
12. [PEOPLE v. FELIX VENTURA, GR Nos. 148145-46, 2004-07-05](/juris/view/cb1e6)

## 16. Committed with treachery (*alevosia*).

1. [PEOPLE v. ANGELO BUENAFE, GR No. 212930, 2016-08-03](/juris/view/cf300)
2. [PEOPLE v. MARIANO OANDASAN, GR No. 194605, 2016-06-14](/juris/view/cf214)
3. [BENJAMIN RUSTIA v. PEOPLE, GR No. 208351, 2016-10-05](/juris/view/cf3e1)
4. [PEOPLE v. EFIPANIA DELA CRUZ GO, GR No. 140897, 2003-02-19](/juris/view/cbb26)
5. [PEOPLE v. EDCEL COLORADA, GR No. 215715, 2016-08-31](/juris/view/cf387)
6. [JOSEPH SCOTT PEMBERTON v. LEILA M. DE LIMA, GR No. 217508, 2016-04-18](/juris/view/cf1c8)
7. [PEOPLE v. DANILO FELICIANO, GR No. 196735, 2014-05-05](/juris/view/cde7e)
8. [LENIDO LUMANOG v. PEOPLE, GR No. 182555, 2010-09-07](/juris/view/cd435)
9. [PEOPLE v. VENANCIO ROXAS, GR No. 172604, 2010-08-17](/juris/view/cd3f3)

## 17. Means employed to add ignominy.

1. [PEOPLE v. BERNARDO CORTEZANO, GR No. 123140, 2003-09-23](/juris/view/cb9fd)
2. [PEOPLE v. DOMINADOR CACHOLA, GR Nos. 148712-15, 2004-01-21](/juris/view/cb664)
3. [US v. FELIPE ABAIGAR, GR No. 1255, 1903-08-17](/juris/view/c330)
4. [PEOPLE v. ROGELIO SORIANO, GR No. L-32244, 1983-06-24](/juris/view/ce8e6)
5. [PEOPLE v. PACIANO NIERRA, GR No. L-32624, 1980-02-12](/juris/view/c5d6c)
6. [PEOPLE v. FREDDIE CATIAN, GR No. 139693, 2002-01-24](/juris/view/cc35d)
7. [PEOPLE v. OSMUNDO FUERTES, GR Nos. 95891-92, 2000-02-28](/juris/view/ce786)
8. [PEOPLE v. ROLANDO BACULE, GR No. 127568, 2000-01-28](/juris/view/cc70c)
9. [PEOPLE v. ROLANDO ALFANTA, GR No. 125633, 1999-12-09](/juris/view/c908d)

## 18. Committed after an unlawful entry.
**There is an unlawful entry when an entrance is effected by a way not intended for the purpose.**

1. [PEOPLE v. OSCAR LAMOSA, GR Nos. 74291-93, 1989-05-23](/juris/view/c7085)
2. [PEOPLE v. ARSENIO SUNGA, GR No. 18054, 1922-03-18](/juris/view/c12bf)
3. [PEOPLE v. RENATO MARQUEZ, GR No. L-32860, 1982-09-30](/juris/view/c6270)
4. [PEOPLE v. FRANCISCO ESCABARTE, GR No. L-42964, 1988-03-14](/juris/view/c72f1)
5. [PEOPLE v. ANTERO MUTYA, GR No. L-11255-11256, 1959-09-30](/juris/view/cdff6)
6. [PEOPLE v. JOHN AMET BAELLO, GR No. 101314, 1993-07-01](/juris/view/c7acc)

## 19. As a means to the commission of a crime a wall, roof, floor, door, or window be broken.

1. [PEOPLE v. ROMUALDO CAPILLAS, GR No. L-27177, 1981-10-23](/juris/view/c6040)
2. [PEOPLE v. OSCAR LAMOSA, GR Nos. 74291-93, 1989-05-23](/juris/view/c7085)

## 20. With the aid of minors or by means of motor vehicles, airships, or other similar means.

1. [PEOPLE v. ZALDY SALAHUDDIN, GR No. 206291, 2016-01-18](/juris/view/cf083)
2. [PEOPLE v. REYNALDO LOZADA, GR No. 141121, 2003-07-17](/juris/view/cbeaa)
3. [PEOPLE v. ERASMO CUADRA, GR No. L- 27973, 1978-10-23](/juris/view/c5ce2)
4. [PEOPLE v. ARTURO PUNZALAN, GR No. 199892, 2012-12-10](/juris/view/cd881)
5. [PEOPLE v. MICHAEL BIGLETE, GR No. 182920, 2012-06-18](/juris/view/cd6a3)
6. [PEOPLE v. EDUARDO S. HERBIAS, GR Nos. 112716-17, 1996-12-16](/juris/view/c860c)
7. [PEOPLE v. PABLO L. ESTACIO, GR No. 171655, 2009-07-22](/juris/view/cc134)
8. [PEOPLE v. SPO1 ARMANDO LOZANO, GR Nos. 137370-71, 2003-09-29](/juris/view/cba55)

## 21. Cruelty

1. [PEOPLE v. GEORGE CORTES, GR No. 137050, 2001-07-11](/juris/view/ccc95)
2. [MOISES SIMANGAN v. PEOPLE, GR No. 157984, 2004-07-08](/juris/view/cb2a9)
3. [PEOPLE v. VINCENT HENRY CHUA, GR No. 149538, 2004-07-26](/juris/view/cb20a)
4. [PEOPLE v. RONALD ESTORCO, GR No. 111941, 2000-04-27](/juris/view/cd45a)
5. [PEOPLE v. MANUEL MAGAYAC, GR No.126043, 2000-04-19](/juris/view/cd457)

## ALTERNATIVE CIRCUMSTANCES (Art. 15 of the RPC)
**Relationship.**

1. [PEOPLE v. JOSEPH ORILLA, GR Nos. 148939-40, 2004-02-13](/juris/view/cb645)
2. [PEOPLE v. ALEJANDRO ATOP, GR Nos. 124303-05, 1998-02-10](/juris/view/c8b23)
3. [PEOPLE v. FELICIANO ULIT, GR Nos. 131799-801, 2004-02-23](/juris/view/cb7e7)
4. [PEOPLE v. CONRADO CACAYAN, GR No. 180499, 2008-07-09](/juris/view/cb27f)
5. [PEOPLE v. ENRIQUE CEBALLOS JR., GR No. 169642, 2007-09-14](/juris/view/cad61)
6. [PEOPLE v. CARLOS ALHAMBRA, GR No. 207774, 2014-06-30](/juris/view/cdf39)
7. [PEOPLE v. ALEJANDRO CALONGUI, GR NO. 170566, 2006-03-03](/juris/view/c9eb0)
8. [PEOPLE v. EMILIANO CAPAREDA, GR No. 128363, 2004-05-27](/juris/view/cb520)
9. [PEOPLE v. SALVADOR ORILLOSA, GR Nos. 148716-18, 2004-07-07](/juris/view/cb1f5)

**Intoxication**

1. [PEOPLE v. ROMEO BELARO, GR No. 99869, 1999-05-26](/juris/view/c92de)
2. [PEOPLE v. ARNEL BERNAL, GR Nos. 132791 & 140465-66, 2002-09-02](/juris/view/cc8e8)
3. [PEOPLE v. ANDRES C. FONTILLAS, GR No. 184177, 2010-12-15](/juris/view/c8701)
4. [PEOPLE v. PERLITO MONDIGO, GR No. 167954, 2008-01-31](/juris/view/cbda0)
5. [PEOPLE v. EMILIANO CAPAREDA, GR No. 128363, 2004-05-27](/juris/view/cb520)
6. [PEOPLE v. EDGARDO BORBON, GR No. 143085, 2004-03-10](/juris/view/cb382)
7. [PEOPLE v. ALEJANDRO BAJAR, GR No. 143817, 2003-10-27](/juris/view/cb961)
8. [PEOPLE v. PABLITO INGGO, GR No. 140872, 2003-06-23](/juris/view/cbd17)


**Degree of instruction and education of the offender**

1. [PEOPLE v. JOSE GERONIMO, GR No. L-35700, 1973-10-15](/juris/view/c50ef)
2. [PEOPLE v. FELIX RIPAS, GR No. L-6246, 1954-05-26](/juris/view/c2fd0)
3. [PEOPLE v. ROMEO BELARO, GR No. 99869, 1999-05-26](/juris/view/c92de)
4. [PEOPLE v. BENJAMIN RETANIA, GR No. L-34841, 1980-01-22](/juris/view/c5d3f)
5. [PEOPLE v. SAGLALA MACATANDA, GR No. 51368, 1981-11-06](/juris/view/c605c)

## ABSOLUTORY CAUSES
**Absolutory causes are those causes where the act committed is a crime but for reasons of public policy and sentiment there is no penalty imposed-- Reyes, Revised Penal Code, Book I, pp. 231-232**

## PERSONS CRIMINALLY LIABLE/DEGREE OF PARTICIPATION (Arts. 16-19 of the RPC)
**The following are criminally liable for grave and less grave felonies: principals, accomplices, and accessories. The following are criminally liable for light felonies: principals and accomplices.**

1. [PEOPLE v. LTSG. DOMINADOR BAYABOS, GR No. 171222, 2015-02-18](/juris/view/ce7ce)

## 1. Principals
## Principal by direct participation

1. [PEOPLE v. NESTOR CARRIAGA, GR No. 135029, 2003-09-12](/juris/view/cb960)
2. [PEOPLE v. ARNEL C. MONTANO, GR No. 130836, 2000-08-11](/juris/view/c8d06)
3. [PEOPLE v. SABELO RAGUNDIAZ, GR No. 124977, 2000-06-22](/juris/view/c8423)
4. [PEOPLE v. PAT. RICARTE MADALI, GR Nos. 67803-04, 1990-07-30](/juris/view/c97c5)
5. [PEOPLE v. MELISSA CHUA, GR No. 187052, 2012-09-13](/juris/view/cd78e)
6. [RUPERTO A. AMBIL v. SANDIGANBAYAN, GR No. 175457, 2011-07-06](/juris/view/c71f7)
7. [PEOPLE v. ALEX LINGASA, GR No. 192187, 2010-12-13](/juris/view/c9265)
8. [PEOPLE v. BARTOLOME TAMPUS, GR No. 181084, 2009-06-16](/juris/view/cd0a6)
9. [PEOPLE v. MARLON DELIM, GR No. 175942, 2007-09-13](/juris/view/cad5b)
10. [PEOPLE v. ROSARIO LAO, GR No. L-10473, 1961-01-28](/juris/view/c3c75)

## Principal by inducement

1. [PEOPLE v. JEANETTE YANSON-DUMANCAS, GR No. 133527-28, 1999-12-13](/juris/view/c90db)
2. [PEOPLE v. ABELARDO PARUNGAO, GR No. 125812, 1996-11-28](/juris/view/c85ee)
3. [PEOPLE v. OSCAR BALDERAMA, GR No. 89597-98, 1993-09-17](/juris/view/c7b3a)
4. [PEOPLE v. CRESENCIANO CANAGURAN, GR No. 108174, 1999-10-28](/juris/view/c9415)
5. [PEOPLE v. ERNESTO ABARRI, GR No. 90185, 1995-03-01](/juris/view/c7fd7)
5. [MANUEL J. JIMENEZ v. PEOPLE, GR No. 209195, 2014-09-17](/juris/view/ce1b6)
6. [PEOPLE v. KHADDAFY JANJALANI, GR No. 188314, 2011-01-10](/juris/view/c8f8f)
7. [PEOPLE v. CASTOR BATIN, GR No. 177223, 2007-11-28](/juris/view/cb57b)
8. [PEOPLE v. JEANETTE YANSON-DUMANCAS, GR No. 133527-28, 1999-12-13](/juris/view/c90db)
9. [PEOPLE v. ANDRES LIWAG, GR No. 89112, 1993-08-03](/juris/view/c7aec)
10. [PEOPLE v. ROLANDO CRUZ, GR No. 74048, 1990-11-14](/juris/view/c993a)

## Principal by indispensable cooperation

1. [PEOPLE v. ROLLY OBELLO, GR No. 108772, 1998-01-14](/juris/view/c8a87)
2. [PEOPLE v. DINA DULAY, GR No. 193854, 2012-09-24](/juris/view/cd7a2)
3. [PEOPLE v. EDUARDO JORGE, GR No. 99379, 1994-04-22](/juris/view/c7cfa)
4. [PEOPLE v. SABELO RAGUNDIAZ, GR No. 124977, 2000-06-22](/juris/view/c8423)
5. [PEOPLE v. GILBERT ELIJORDE, GR No. 126531, 1999-04-21](/juris/view/c8f5d)
6. [PEOPLE v. ALEJANDRO ABINA, GR No. 129891, 1998-10-27](/juris/view/c8e84)
7. [PEOPLE v. NAPOLEON MONTEALEGRE, GR No. 67948, 1988-05-31](/juris/view/ce7b9)

## 2. Accomplices

1. [PEOPLE v. BARTOLOME TAMPUS, GR No. 181084, 2009-06-16](/juris/view/cd0a6)
2. [PEOPLE v. WILFREDO TOLENTINO, GR No. 139179, 2002-04-03](/juris/view/cc5ec)
2. [BENJAMIN RUSTIA v. PEOPLE, GR No. 208351, 2016-10-05](/juris/view/cf3e1)
3. [PEOPLE v. LTSG. DOMINADOR BAYABOS, GR No. 171222, 2015-02-18](/juris/view/ce7ce)
4. [PEOPLE v. PETRUS YAU, GR No. 208170, 2014-08-20](/juris/view/ce041)
5. [PEOPLE v. HALIL GAMBAO, GR No. 172707, 2013-10-01](/juris/view/cdbbd)
6. [PEOPLE v. MELCHOR RAFAEL, GR No. 123176, 2000-10-13](/juris/view/c8fb3)
7. [PEOPLE v. VS.FERDINAND SUAREZ, GR No. 111193, 1997-01-28](/juris/view/c8643)
8. [PEOPLE v. EDUARDO JORGE, GR No. 99379, 1994-04-22](/juris/view/c7cfa)
9. [LEONILA G. SANTIAGO v. PEOPLE, GR No. 200233, 2015-07-15](/juris/view/cee06)
10. [DANDY L. DUNGO v. PEOPLE, GR No. 209464, 2015-07-01](/juris/view/ceea3)

## 3. Accessories

## 1. By profiting themselves or assisting the offenders to profit by the effects 

1. [JORGE TAER v. THE CA, GR No.85204, 1990-06-18](/juris/view/c9841)
2. [LEONARDO MENDOZA v. PEOPLE, GR No. L-46484, 1988-01-29](/juris/view/c729e)

## 2. By concealing or destroying the body of the crime, or the effects

1. [PEOPLE v. SIMPLICIO REALON, GR No. L-30832, 1980-08-29](/juris/view/c5e4e)
2. [PEOPLE v. WILFREDO TOLENTINO, GR No. 139179, 2002-04-03](/juris/view/cc5ec)
3. [PEOPLE v. JEANETTE YANSON-DUMANCAS, GR No. 133527-28, 1999-12-13](/juris/view/c90db)
4. [JACKSON PADIERNOS v. PEOPLE, GR No. 181111, 2015-08-17](/juris/view/cef33)
5. [PEOPLE v. BENJAMIN ORTEGA, GR No. 116736, 1997-07-24](/juris/view/c88c0)
6. [HERMOSO ARRIOLA v. SANDIGANBAYAN, GR NO. 165711, 2006-06-30](/juris/view/caa8b)

## 3. By harboring, concealing, or assisting in the escape of the principal of the crime

1. [PEOPLE v. ALBERTO S. ANTONIO, GR No. 128900, 2000-07-14](/juris/view/c9079)
2. [PEOPLE v. DOMINGO ALPAPARA, GR No. 180421, 2009-10-30](/juris/view/cc557)

## ACCESSORIES WHO ARE EXEMPT FROM CRIMINAL LIABILITY

1. [PEOPLE v. BENJAMIN ORTEGA, GR No. 116736, 1997-07-24](/juris/view/c88c0)
2. [PEOPLE v. RUBY MARIANO, GR No.134847, 2000-12-06](/juris/view/c8cff)